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Sperm cryopreservation can be offered regularly to all male patients undergoing gonadotoxic treatment. When patients recover, assisted reproductive technologies (ART) such as ICSI can then be used to give patients a better chance of conceiving their own children.
In children and adults, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, even at low doses, can have a negative impact on the seminiferous epithelium and interfere with spermatogenesis and testicular function. Cytotoxic therapy has a reversible effect on spermatogenesis, but in some cases, it may be a permanent one. Germ cells are very irradiation-sensitive. While radiotherapy changes the sperm concentration, irradiation further interferes with sperm DNA.
Currently, the effectiveness of anticancer treatments improved the survival rates tremendously; as a result, most of the patients are cured successfully. The quality of life has now become a critical factor, including posttreatment fertility status. However, depending on the dosage and type of drugs used, radiotherapy and chemotherapy can produce gonadal toxicity ranging from temporary oligozoospermia to permanent azoospermia.
Around 50 percent of conception-related issues are either entirely caused by male infertility or are combined with problems on the female side. Exposures result from lifestyle habits, medicines, and malignancy care, as well as occupational and environmental hazards. Regardless of the path, the effect on subsequent fertility of paternal exposure to gonadotoxins is important, as it not only affects a man, but may also affect his potential offspring.
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Sperm banking has been a generally recognized infertility therapy method that has recently played a significant role in assisted reproduction (ART) and fertility preservation (sperm cryopreservation in men). This method has consistently proven itself to be an effective strategy for countless families to keep the family anticipation alive. No matter how long sperm cryopreservation lasts, if it is retrieved and deposited in suitable liquid nitrogen storage.
Testicular sperm collection and sperm cryopreservation has become a hallmark of azoospermic men’s infertility treatment. Sperm can be collected in almost 100 percent of cases and frozen to prevent repeated surgeries. Such sperm is as effective as a newly separated one in achieving successful pregnancies. Motility-enhancing agent therapy promotes motility in frozen-thawed testicular sperm and encourages viable sperm selection for ICSI procedure.
The emergence of germ cells, isolated from testicular tissue, or derived from embryonic stem cells, represents possible fertility treatment options for infertile men with azoospermia. Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) self-renewal is the basis for sustaining spermatogenesis throughout life. Recently, germ cell lines derived from embryonic stem cells rendered the fertility treatment or prevention of azoospermia conceivable.
Isolation, maintenance and differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) form the next step in male fertility to restore spermatogenesis and use SSCs in assisted reproduction. Since a small amount of tissue is collected by means of biopsy, the propagation of SSCs in vitro to repopulate the testis becomes very important. The methodology developed in human SSCs and germ cells (GCs) is very recent, and further research is needed.
